Mikelangelo: переводы

→According to Thomson, the submucosa inside the anal canal forms a discontinuous series of cushions instead of a continuous ring.

→The term “anal cushions” was described by Thomson in 1975 [13, 14].

→2.5.6 Anal Cushions

→Fig. 2.9 Hypertrophic anal papillae

→Fig.
2.
8 Dentate line

→2.
5 Upper Columnar Zone: Contents

→“Hypertrophic Anal papillae” (Fig.
2.
9) [12].

→Due to their hyperplastic tendency, constant irritation, injury, or infection can cause enlargement, a condition known as

→The usual length of papillae is 1.
0–5.
0 mm.

→In 60% of cases, 1–3 papillae are present, and in 40%, the number is from 4 to 6.

→These are present as small epithelial projections at the dentate line.

→These are remnants of the embryonic anal membrane and represent the junction of the proctodeum with the hindgut.

→Innervations Somatic (Pudendal nerve) Autonomic

→Lymphatic drainage Superficial inguinal nodes Internal iliac nodes

→Venous drainage Inferior rectal vein (systemic) Superior rectal vein (portal)

→Arterial blood supply Inferior rectal artery Superior and middle rectal artery

→Below the dentate line
Above the dentate line

→2.5.5 Anal Papillae

→Table 2.3 Dentate line summarized

→Pectinate line